CyanoToxins
The metabolites produced by cyanobacteria can elicit toxic effects in humans, wildlife, and impact ecosystem health. These bioactive chemicals are released during bloom decay, or some are excreted by the organisms as they are produced.
Microcystins (MCs)
Produced primarily by Microcystis, microcystins (MCs) are the most frequently reported cyanotoxin. They are heptapeptides, meaning they are chemically made from 7 amino acids, one of them unique to MCs and nodularins (NODs; a pentapeptide= 5 amino acids). The unique amino acid is called the Adda, which chemists and researchers use to identify its presence. Testing this class of analytes requires a basic understanding of what the method chosen in the toolbox provides. For instance, using a testing method that only targets the Adda, such as the Adda ELISA or the oxidative cleavage and analysis of the broken Adda (i.e. MMPB) could miss the MCs and NODs that have a slightly different Adda, such as the acetyloxyAdda or desmethylAdda. There are approaches that can be taken tom mitigate this, but that requires an understanding of what each testing method provides. For instance, using a test that measures the compounds toxicolgical action, such as a protein phosphatase inhibition assay, one would see microcystins or nodularins from the perspective as how harmful they can be in comparison to a known toxic variant, such as microcystin-LR, the most common congener described.
Nodularins (NODs)
Produced primarily by Microcystis,
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Cylindrospermopsins (CYNs)
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Anatoxins (ATXs)
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Guanitoxin (GNT)
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Aetokthonotoxin (AETX)
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Saxitoxins (STX)
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Guanitoxin (GNT)
Our architecture services take into consideration your lifestyle and preferences to create spaces that are both beautiful and functional.
Aetokthonotoxin (AETX)
We work collaboratively with our clients throughout the design process to ensure their vision is realized in the final product.
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